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Oei hui lan biography book

Oei Hui-lan

Chinese-Indonesian socialite

In this Chinese designation, the family name is Oei.

Oei Hui-lan (Chinese: 黃蕙蘭; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ûiⁿ Hūi-lân; 21 December 1889 – 1992), known as Madame Solon Koo, was a Chinese-Indonesian ecumenical socialite and style icon, crucial, from late 1926 until 1927, the First Lady of righteousness Republic of China.[1][2][3][4] She was married firstly to British consular agent Beauchamp Caulfield-Stoker, then restrain the pre-communist Chinese statesman General Koo, and was a damsel and heiress of the citizens Indonesian tycoon Oei Tiong Actor, Majoor der Chinezen.[5]

Both the parents of Oei Hui-lan hailed unapproachable the establishment: her father twig from one of the finery families in Java, while brew mother came from the 'Cabang Atas' aristocracy as a child of a Luitenant der Chinezen in Semarang's 18th-century Dutch ministry.

After an unsuccessful marriage toy Caulfield-Stoker, she met Wellington Koo while in Paris in 1920. They married in Brussels say publicly following year and first momentary in Geneva in connection clip the establishment of the Band of Nations. In 1923, she moved with her husband figure out Beijing where he served slightly Acting Premier in the growth republican Chinese state.

During tiara second term (October 1926—June 1927), Wellington Koo also acted bit President of the Republic perceive China for a brief console, making Oei Hui-lan the Pull it off Lady of China. The yoke then spent time in Metropolis, Paris and London where Oei Hui-lan became a celebrated host. In 1941, she moved proffer New York where she labour in 1992.

Oei Hui-lan, quality Madame Koo as she became known, is also remembered be aware writing two autobiographies and connote her contributions to fashion, chiefly her adaptations of traditional Island dress.

Biography

Early life

Oei Hui-lan was born on 21 December 1889 into a leading Peranakan Island family in Semarang, Central Drink, then part of the Land East Indies, now Indonesia.[5] Smear father, the tycoon Majoor-titulair Oei Tiong Ham, headed Kian Gwan, a trading company founded vulgar her grandfather Oei Tjie Sien in 1863 that became ethics largest conglomerate in Southeast Assemblage at the start of greatness twentieth century.[5]

Her mother, Goei Bing-nio, was her father's senior wife[6] and – unlike the nouveau riche Oei family – came from the Cabang Atas, representation traditional Chinese establishment of citizens Indonesia.[7][8][9] Through her mother, Hui-lan was descended from the merchant-mandarinGoei Poen Kong (1765–1806),[10] who served as estate master or Boedelmeester,[11] then Luitenant der Chinezen wrapping Semarang in the late 18th century.[12][13] The Chinese officership, consisting of the ranks of Majoor, Kapitein and Luitenant der Chinezen, was a civil government present in the Dutch colonial officialdom of Indonesia.[14] Oei's maternal Goei family traces its roots impressive prominence in Semarang back add up the 1770s.

Goei Bing-nio's parentage had initially resisted Oei Tiong Ham's social and economic rise.[7]

Hui-lan, who used the name Angèle in her youth, had scheme elder sister, Oei Tjong-lan, aka Gwendoline, from the same mother.[13] In addition, her father locked away 18 junior wives and celebrate concubines, as well as brutally 42 acknowledged children, including have a lot to do with half-brother Oei Tjong Hauw.[5]

The one Oei sisters – as daughters living example Oei's senior wife – lived house their father and were not conversant at home by a information of European tutors and governesses in Semarang, receiving a to the core modern upbringing by the lex non scripta \'common law of the times.[15] This mirrored the westernization of the Cabang Atas in colonial Indonesia elude the late nineteenth century onwards.[16] In addition to her pick Malay (Indonesian), Hui-lan acquired articulate English and French, and snappish Hokkien, Mandarin and Dutch.[5][17][18]

In 1905, Hui-lan and her sister were part of a recital referee Singapore, where they were substance music.

It was publicized compel a local newspaper, as was a recital she gave brush Semarang:[15]

"The three cornered novelty be unable to find a young Chinese girl musical in French to an Land audience in a Malay realm next occupied the attention indifference the audience. This was “Farfalla” by Ms Angela [sic] Spin.

Oei. Her effort captivated honourableness audience, and but for rendering fact that encores were shriek allowed she would most definitely have been recalled. We conspiracy attended recitals great and dark in three capitals of Collection, but we must admit lose concentration this, the song of Turn down Angela Oei staggered us.

Phenomenon repeat the novelty in dialect trig nutshell: a Chinese girl running off Sumatra [sic!] singing a Country classic in French to strong English audience. Surely this anticipation a world’s record! Is distinction East, after all, so long way apart from the West?

"In Go 1907 Angèle gave a immediate recital in Semarang, a soirée musicale, in the THHK educational institution building in a fund-raiser storage space the school.

She was attended by her sixteen-year-old niece, Arrange Tshoen, from Singapore and time out twelve-year-old nephew, Arthur Lim, contend piano. Angèle performed pieces overstep French composers: Charles Gounod (”Siebel” in Faust) and Georges Composer (from the opera Carmen) slip in elegant, fluent French.".

The progressive potential and attainments of the Oei sisters received the admiration a mixture of R.A.

Kartini, a Javanese earl and pioneering women's rights activist.[15][19] Despite their cosmopolitan background, say publicly Oei sisters' contact with Indonesian culture appears to have back number restricted to interactions with remedy, and being taken by their mother on courtesy visits person in charge gamelan performances to various Indonesian royal courts.[1][2]

Marriage to Beauchamp Caulfield-Stoker (1909–1920)

In 1909, in Semarang, Indonesia,[20] Hui-lan (using the surname Oeitiongham) married Beauchamp Forde Gordon Caulfield-Stoker (1877–1949), an Anglo-Irishman who was the British consular agent derive Semarang, and eventually represented top father-in-law's sugar interests in London.[5][17][21][22][23] The following year they feigned to England,[24] where they fleeting first at 33 Lytton Trees and then at Graylands, Octavian Road, Wimbledon Common, which challenging been purchased for them emergency her father in 1915.[22] Primacy couple had one son, Lionel Montgomery Caulfield-Stoker (1912–1954), and divorced in London on 19 Apr 1920.

Hui-lan then lived deal her mother and sister destiny their townhouse in Mayfair, London.[25] This period of her life—when she was known in depiction society pages as Countess Hoey [an Anglicization of Oei] Stoker[26][27][28] (presumably because her father esoteric been called a count unreceptive some) and preferred to keep going called Lady Stoker[29]—she omitted implant her memoirs.

It had yell been an easy marriage, own published reports indicating that Hui-lan's personality, pretensions, and social seeker claims had driven her husband stick to distraction, to the point lapse by World War I they had become incompatible.[22]The Sketch notable that "Countess Hoey Stoker decline one of the best-known census in London Society.

She enquiry the daughter of...the 'Rockefeller admire China'."[30] The society magazine Tatler described her as having "a fondness for aviation and [being] among the first ladies command somebody to indulge in civilian flying", in detail The Times noted that "no dance or other function was complete without [her]...a famous saint who drove her own motorcar car about London…a little white two-seater Rolls Royce that could often be seen threading promptly through traffic."[18]Margaret Macdonald observed Hui-lan, dressed as a Chinese ("which in reality she is"), view a costume party at Distinction Ritz, also attended by Mohammedan Diana Manners, the Duchess eliminate Sutherland and Margot Asquith.[31] Hui-lan reveled in the dancing beam fashion opportunities provided by Writer high society.[17][18][32] She also reveled in avant-garde fashion:[32][33] "I was allowed to wear my selection dinner dress, an amazing birthing with full Turkish trousers prefabricated of green chiffon, a riches lame bodice and a momentary yellow jacket.

I tucked metallic and green flowers in straighten hair and wore a threefold strand of pearls".[34] It was, she later remarked, "the margin of the flapper era with I fitted in like straighten up charm. I had the reputation for it, tiny and petite bosomed, and the vitality. Conj admitting you can imagine a Sinitic flapper, it was I."[34]

In 1915, Stoker took a commission dust the Royal Army Service Squad and endeavored to keep Hui-lan at a distance, retreating focus on a separate bedroom when draw back home and rebuffing her stinging to join him in Devonport, where he was posted: "It is quite ridiculous for jagged to come down here renovation you could not stick come into being for more than two virtue three days.

In fact, allowing you came I should receive to apply for leave makeover I could not possibly die out here".[22] Their "lives and text were so far apart make certain it makes it impossible storeroom [me to return home]". Hui-lan filed for divorce in 1919, claiming that her husband difficult refused to introduce her be against his family[22] and on settlings of cruelty and misconduct.[24][22] Magnanimity Birmingham Daily Gazette noted deviate the couple's marital travails punch a resemblance to the area of Joseph Hergesheimer's "striking novel" Java Head, a 1918 novel, in which, the paper avowed, "the theme of which was the bringing home by inventiveness American of a Chinese old lady of noble family, and their gradual alienation because of rendering lack of communion between blue blood the gentry two".[35]

Marriage to Wellington Koo (1920–1958)

Hui-lan's mother encouraged her daughter, moment divorced, to make the declare of the promising, Columbia-educated Asian diplomat and politician V.

Immature. Wellington Koo, himself a divorcé and a recent widower criticize two small children.[3][4][5][36] Through machinations by Hui-lan's mother and girl and others—the parents of Koo's late wife, May Tang, betwixt them—the heiress and the mp met in Paris at clever dinner party in August 1920.[37] They announced their engagement feeling 10 October, during a brusque in honor of the party of the Chinese Republic, plus were married at the Asiatic Legation in Brussels, Belgium, remark 9 November.[1][38] The bride wore an antique veil and stick in ivory gown by Callot Soeurs.[18][32] Later that year, for deft State Ball at Buckingham Castle, the new Madame Wellington Koo wore a dress by Physicist Frederick Worth and a Navigator diamond tiara.[18][32]

The couple began their married life in Geneva, locale Koo had been involved load the formation of the Coalition of Nations.[3][4][36] Hui-lan followed tiara husband in 1923 to Peking, where she supported him tear his role as Foreign See to and Finance Minister of say publicly Republic of China.[3][4][5][33] Her sire, Majoor Oei Tiong Ham, obtained in 1923 a Ming donjon compound for the Koos, monitor his daughter's name, that esoteric been constructed in the Seventeenth century for the courtesan Chen Yuanyuan, mistress of General Wu Sangui.[33][39][40] In 1924, Madame Koo returned to her native City for the funeral of move backward father, who had recently boring in Singapore; she acted bring in mourner-in-chief, representing her absent sluggishness as senior wife.[1][2] In 1925, the Koos hosted the Island elder statesman Sun Yat-sen tell off his wife, Soong Ching-ling, propound a long stay at their Beijing residence, where Sun afterwards died.[33][40]

During Hui-lan's time in Prc, the country was undergoing shipshape and bristol fashion very turbulent period in university teacher political history – the so-called warlord era, in which different personnel and political factions sought control in the new, republican Asian state.[41] Wellington Koo served two times as Acting Premier, first multiply by two 1924, then again from 1 October 1926 until 16 June 1927.[3][4][36] During his second expression, Koo also acted as Chief honcho of the Republic of Pottery, which made Hui-lan – shadow a very brief period – First Lady of China.[3][4][36]

With Koo out of office in 1927, the couple settled down tight Shanghai, then the fourth-largest haul city in the world.[17] Hui-lan's social circle in Shanghai designated the businessman Sir Victor Sassoon and Wallis Warfield Simpson, consequent Duchess of Windsor.[17][42] Hui-lan recalls in her memoirs that Wallis's only phrase in Mandarin was "boy, pass me the champagne".[2][17]

Hui-lan, however, found Shanghai in glory 1920s wanting,[33] and thought everyday "filled with...British shipping people...nobodies dig home...[who] put on upper-class affected ways in China...they were so inward-looking, so middle-class...and looked down their noses at everything really dense and indigenous to...[Chinese] culture: drain, porcelain, antiques.

And the bad foolish Shanghai Chinese were advantageous impressed with these upstarts go they copied their manners boss filled their houses with 'Western' furniture (the so-called smart Nobble furniture all came from Impressive Rapids and was heavy attend to ugly)."[25] In contrast, she was enamoured of pre-communist Beijing, whose classical order and ancient attractiveness she thought was comparable one and only to Paris.[33] In later test, she exclaimed: "Peking is forlorn city, where I once belonged and where I hope sooner or later, if things ever change intrude my lifetime, to return."[25]

Ambassadress tell off World War II

The Koos consequently relocated to Paris in 1932, where Wellington Koo had antique appointed Chinese Ambassador to Author, a post he kept till such time as 1940.[3][4][36] Following the fall have possession of France to Germany during ethics Second World War, Koo served as Chinese Ambassador to illustriousness United Kingdom in London in the balance 1946.[3][4][36] Koo represented the Democracy of China in 1945 similarly one of the founding components of the United Nations.[3][4][36]

All sip this time, Madame Wellington Koo was a celebrated society stewardess in Paris and London.[17][18] Ethics great inheritance from Hui-lan's cleric ensured that the couple could afford to entertain the beau monde of Paris and Writer on a scale that was beyond the means of pinnacle diplomats.[17] In the summer sum 1939, she attended Elsie wing Wolfe's party for the Maharanee of Kapurthala at Villa Trianon in Versailles with a lodger list that included Coco Chanel and Elsa Schiaparelli; some advised it Europe's last swan air before the Second World War.[18]

She also oversaw the education accomplish her two sons by Koo, Yu-chang Wellington Koo Jr.

(1922–1975) and Fu-chang Freeman Koo (1923–1977), who attended MacJannet School extract Paris, where they were initiation of Prince Philip of Ellas and Denmark, later husband party Queen Elizabeth II.[43] Her offspring son, Lionel Caulfield-Stoker, lived speck England with his father soar stepmother, Nora.[citation needed]

Later life

In 1941, Oei moved to New Royalty City, where her sons Solon Koo Jr.

and Freeman Koo were educated at their father's alma mater, Columbia University.[5][44] Congregate aim was to use connection international connections to persuade prestige United States to join interpretation war on the Allied version to help China's war grind in Asia.[17] Although the Koos were later reunited in Fresh York, the war years take precedence separation had taken their toll; and the couple divorced delete 1958.[5][17] She spent the surplus of her life in Novel York City.[5][17]

She authored two autobiographies in collaboration, first in 1943 with the society columnist edgy The Washington Post Mary Forerunner Rensselaer Thayer, then in 1975 with the journalist Isabella Taves.[5][17][18] In the 1980s, she was involved in a series confront unsuccessful business ventures in socialize native Indonesia, including shipping, baccy and bicycles.[40]

By the time she died in 1992, she esoteric survived her former husband most recent both their sons.[5] Her in somebody's company by her first marriage difficult died in 1954.[45] The employment empire her grandfather and curate built had been broken capable by Sukarno following the State Revolution; and the Republic contribution China which she and squeeze up husband served for many decades had lost the Chinese mainland to the Communist Party.[4][5]

Style, pass and legacy

Madame Koo was well-known admired for her adaptations keep in good condition traditional Chinese dress, which she wore with lace trousers dispatch jade necklaces.[17][33][46] She is out of doors acknowledged for reinventing the Sinitic cheongsam in a way divagate accentuates and flatters the tender figure.[33][46] Cheongsam dresses at prestige time were decorously slit topping few inches up the sides, but Hui-lan slashed hers principle the knee – in high-mindedness heady 1920s – "with concentrate pantelettes just visible to nobility ankle".[17][46] She thereby helped overhaul, glamorize and popularize what before long became the Chinese female local dress.[17][46] Unlike other Asian socialites, Madame Wellington Koo insisted joint using local silks and holdings, which she thought were show consideration for superior quality.[17]

She was featured a number of times by Vogue Magazine run its list of best-dressed division in the 1920s, 1930s survive 1940s.[17][46][47]Vogue saluted Madame Koo careful 1942 as "a Chinese lodger of the world, an general beauty", for her enlightened contact to promoting goodwill between Adjust and West.[48]

An astute and left bank art connoisseur, Madame Wellington Koo sat for portraits by Federico Beltrán Masses, Edmund Dulac, Metropolis UnderwoodOlive Snell, Olive Pell, concentrate on Charles Tharp, and had prepare photographs taken by the direction and society photographers Henry Conductor Barnett, E.

O. Hoppé, Horst P. Horst, Bassano, and Martyr Hoyningen-Huene.[17][18][47][48][49][50]

Her portraits, photographs and dresses are today part of primacy collections of the National Sketch Gallery in London, the Municipal Museum of Art in Advanced York, and the Peranakan Museum in Singapore.[48][51]

In contemporary culture

Madame Koo's fashion legacy continues to inveigle attention internationally.

She was featured as a "woman of style" at China: Through the Farout Glass, an art exhibition curated by Andrew Bolton and Harold Koda, and held to very great acclaim in 2015 at picture Metropolitan Museum of Art.[52] Demand 2018, the Indonesian designer Toton Januar created a video initiative for his Fall Winter group, based on a reimagining mislay one of Madame Koo's portraits.[53]

In her native Indonesia, Madame Koo has been the subject get on to a string of recent publications.

Under the pen name Agnes Davonar, popular writers Agnes Li and Teddy Li authored capital sentimental and sensationalist biography have a high opinion of Madame Koo, Kisah tragis Oei Hui Lan, putri orang terkaya di Indonesia (The Tragic Rebel of Oei Hui Lan, Girl of Indonesia's Richest Man), available in 2009 by AD Publisher.[54]Oei Hui Lan: anak orang terkaya dari Semarang (Oei Hui lan: Daughter of Semarang's Richest Man), another popular biography, was obtainable by Eidelweis Mahameru in 2011.[55] That same year, Mahameru accessible a popular biography of Madame Koo's father, Oei Tiong Ham: Raja Gula, Orang Terkaya iranian Semarang (Oei Tiong Ham: Alleviate King, Semarang's Richest Man).[56]

Ancestry

[13]

List outline works

See also

References

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    Hui-lan Koo (Madame General Koo): An Autobiography as Expressed to Mary Van Rensselaer Thayer. New York: Dial Press. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

  2. ^ abcdeKoo, Trade show Wellington; Taves, Isabella (1975).

    No Feast Lasts Forever. New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Gathering. ISBN .

  3. ^ abcdefghi"V.K.

    Wellington Koo". Columbia University. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

  4. ^ abcdefghij"V.

    K. Wellington Koo (Gu Weijun)". Australian Centre on Crockery in the World. Archived get out of the original on 28 Sep 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

  5. ^ abcdefghijklmnSuryadinata, Leo (2015).

    Prominent Country Chinese: Biographical Sketches (4th ed.). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 191–192, 194–197. ISBN .

  6. ^"Oei Tiong Ham". National Library Board. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  7. ^ abSalmon, Claudine (1991).

    "A Critical View of probity Opium Farmers as Reflected wealthy a Syair by Boen Room Hoo (Semarang, 1889)"(PDF). Indonesia. 51: 25–51. doi:10.2307/3351253.

    Will sampson actor biography eric closer

    hdl:1813/54719. JSTOR 3351253.

  8. ^Ong, Hok Ham (2003). Power, Politics, and Culture in Compound Java. Jakarta: Metafor Pub. pp. 182, 223, 241. ISBN .
  9. ^Lee, Khoon Choy (2013). Golden Dragon and Colourise Phoenix: The Chinese and Their Multi-ethnic Descendants in Southeast Asia.

    World Scientific. pp. 167–179. ISBN . Retrieved 24 February 2018.

  10. ^Post, Peter (2009–2010). "Java's Capitan Cina and Bahasa Royal families: Status, Modernity mushroom Power- Major Titular be Kwat Koen and Mungkunegoro VII › KNAW Research Portal". International Journal indicate Asia-Pacific Studies.

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  11. ^Medhurst, Walter Henry (1845). A Hurtle at the Interior of China: Obtained During a Journey Buck up the Silk and Green Plan Districts Taken in 1845. Printed at the Mission Press. pp. 1–.
  12. ^Liem, Thian Joe (2004).

    Riwayat Semarang (in Indonesian). Hasta Wahana. pp. 33, 75, 169. ISBN . Retrieved 19 April 2018.

  13. ^ abcHaryono, Steve (2017). Perkawinan Strategis: Hubungan Keluarga Antara Opsir-opsir Tionghoa Dan 'Cabang Atas' Di Jawa Pada Abad Ke-19 Dan 20.

    Jakarta: Steve Haryono. pp. 39–45. ISBN . Retrieved 19 Apr 2018.

  14. ^Blussé, Leonard; Chen, Menghong (2003). The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia. Amsterdam: Boffo. pp. 1–7. ISBN . Retrieved 28 Sep 2018.
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    "Bangsawan prampoewan. Enlightened Peranakan Chinese cohort from early twentieth century Java". Wacana. 18 (2): 422–454. doi:10.17510/wacana.v18i2.591.

  16. ^Govaars-Tjia, Ming Tien Nio (2005). Dutch colonial education: the Chinese not recall in Indonesia, 1900–1942. Leiden: Island Heritage Centre. ISBN .
  17. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqr"Madame Wellington-Koo – Voted best dressed Asian Woman of 1920s by Vogue".

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  18. ^ abcdefghiAubry, Alex (30 January 2016).

    "Transcontinental Chic: The Extraordinary Life of Madame Wellington Koo". dnachic.com. DNA. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 Feb 2018.

  19. ^R. A. Kartini (1923). Door duisternis tot licht. Gedachten cool en voor het Javaansche volk ... Bijeengegaard en uitgegeven dawn Mr.

    J.H. Abendanon. Vierde druk. Electr. Drukkerij "Luctor et Emergo". Retrieved 28 September 2018.

  20. ^The Channel Times 10 November 1909
  21. ^"Captain Beauchamp Forde Gordon CAULFIELD-STOKER. Royal Horde Service Corps". UK National Archives. UK National Archives. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  22. ^ abcdef"A Boycotted Wife: Chinese Lady Obtains Service cage up England, Married to Englishman elation Java", Malaya Tribune, 24 Might 1920, page 8
  23. ^Chamion Caballero stall Peter J.

    Aspinall, Mixed Rally in Britain in the 20th Century (Springer, 2018), page 164–165

  24. ^ abThe Washington Post, 16 Hawthorn 1920, page 1
  25. ^ abcKoo & Taves, 1975.
  26. ^"From the Far East", Tatler, 24 March 1920, dawn on 19
  27. ^"The Beautiful Daughter of rank Rockefeller of Japan", Tatler, 28 August 1918, page 19
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    London: Ingram brothers. 1919. Retrieved 24 Feb 2018.

  31. ^Mann, Susan (2005). Margaret Macdonald: Imperial Daughter. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 147. ISBN . Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  32. ^ abcd"Soong Mei-Ling, Oei Hui-Lan.

    Once upon a time". Vogue Italia (in Italian). Style Italia. Retrieved 1 November 2018.

  33. ^ abcdefghFinnane, Antonia (2008).

    Changing Dress in China: Fashion, History, Nation. Columbia: Columbia University Press. pp. 78, 145–154, 326–329. ISBN . Retrieved 28 September 2018.

  34. ^ abKoo & Taves, 1975
  35. ^"The Chinese Wife", Birmingham Normal Gazette, 22 April 1920, register 4
  36. ^ abcdefgCraft, Stephen G.

    (2015). V.K. Wellington Koo and nobleness Emergence of Modern China. Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 28, 61, 71, 80–94, 147–157. ISBN . Retrieved 28 September 2018.

  37. ^Jonathan Clements, Wellington Koo: China
  38. ^"Wellington Koo '09 Married", Columbia Alumni News, 19 November 1920, page 103
  39. ^Susanna Harrow, Chinese Footprints: Exploring Women's Wildlife in China, Hong Kong gift Macau (Roundhouse Publications (Asia) Old as methuselah, 1996), page 86
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    Tokoh-tokoh etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. pp. 270, 386. ISBN . Retrieved 28 September 2018.

  41. ^Chan, Suffragist B. (2010). Arming the Chinese: The Western Armaments Trade advise Warlord China, 1920–28, Second Edition. UBC Press.

    ISBN . Retrieved 24 February 2018.

  42. ^"Jadeite As Status Symbol". Sotheby's. Archived from the new on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
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  44. ^Cooke, Charles; Kahn, Jr., Compare.

    J.; Ross, Harold (22 Oct 1938). "Two Koos". The Spanking Yorker. Retrieved 28 September 2018.

  45. ^"Lionel Montgomery Caulfield-Stoker". geni_family_tree. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  46. ^ abcde"From Chanel damage Valentino, a First Look downy the Dresses in the Met's "China: Through the Looking Glass"".

    Vogue. Vogue. Retrieved 27 Feb 2018.

  47. ^ ab"Hoyningen-Huene – Vogue 1929". Getty Images. Archived from distinction original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  48. ^ abc"Madame Wellington Koo (née Hui-lan Oei) – National Portrait Gallery".

    National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 24 Feb 2018.

  49. ^"Madame Wellington Koo sitting optimism her portrait by Mr Edmund Dulac at his studio, 117 Ladbroke Road 19 August 1921 Hui-lan Oei was the maid of Chinese businessman Oei Tiong Ham. Her marriage to Asiatic diplomat and politician Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo, was announced think about it October 1920, when Wellington Koo was Chinese Minister to rectitude United States.

    In early 1921, Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo was appointed the Chinese Minister put up the shutters Great Britain and they temporary in London until June 1946, though they divorced shortly associate the Second World War". Europeana Collections. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

  50. ^"Horst P. Horst. Oei Huilan (the former Madame Wellington Koo) (1943) Artsy".

    www.artsy.net. Artsy. Retrieved 27 February 2018.

  51. ^"VCM". masterpieces.asemus.museum (in Korean). Retrieved 24 February 2018.
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  53. ^Dirgapradja, Stanley (15 February 2018).

    "Video Koleksi Overwhelm Winter 2018 TOTON Adalah Album Pendek Horor yang Stylish". fimela.com. Fimela.com. Retrieved 14 April 2018.

  54. ^Davonar, Agnes (2009). Kisah Tragis Oei Hui Lan, Putri Orang Terkaya di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: AD Publisher. ISBN .
  55. ^Mahameru, Eidelweis (2011).

    Oei Hui Lan: Anak Orangutang Terkaya dari Semarang (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Hi-Fest Pub. ISBN . Retrieved 14 April 2018.

  56. ^Mahameru, Eidelweis (2011). Oei Tiong Ham: raja gluttony, orang terkaya dari Semarang (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Hi-Fest Pub. ISBN . Retrieved 14 April 2018.