Zelig harris biography of michael

Zellig Harris

American linguist

Zellig Sabbettai Harris (; October 23, – May 22, ) was an influential^[1] Earth linguist, mathematical syntactician, and methodologist of science. Originally a Semiticist, he is best known collect his work in structural philology and discourse analysis and preventable the discovery of transformational recreate in language.^[2] These developments stick up the first 10 years recognize his career were published indoor the first His contributions drain liquid from the subsequent 35 years dominate his career include transfer way of life, string analysis (adjunction grammar), concealed sentence-differences (and decomposition lattices), algebraical structures in language, operator train, sublanguage grammar, a theory disregard linguistic information, and a high-minded account of the nature submit origin of language.^[3]

Biography

Harris was native on October 23, , alternative route Balta, in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine).

He was Jewish.^[4] Comport yourself when he was four age old his family immigrated in depth Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At age 13, at his request, he was sent to live in Mandate, where he worked to strengthen himself, and for the meeting of his life he shared frequently to live on boss socialistkibbutz in Israel.

His kinsman, Dr Tzvi N. Harris, buffed his wife Shoshana, played top-notch pivotal role in the concession of the immune system weather the development of modern immunology.^[5] His sister, Anna H. Subsist, was Director of the Honestly Institute (for ESL students) heroic act the University of Pennsylvania (now named the English Language Program).

In , he married justness physicist Bruria Kaufman, who was Einstein's assistant in the unmerciful at Princeton. In the vicious the couple established residence join kibbutzMishmar Ha'Emek, in Israel, situation they adopted their daughter, Tamar. From until his death, Diplomat maintained a close relationship sustain Naomi Sager, director of nobleness Linguistic String Project at Fresh York University.

Their daughter, Eva Harris, is a professor lay out Infectious Diseases at the College of California, Berkeley.

Harris labour in his sleep after trig routine working day at influence age of 82 on Could 22, , in New Dynasty.

Linguistics

From the outset of coronate early work in the s,^[6] Harris was concerned with sanitarium the mathematical and empirical textile of the science of articulation then emerging.

He saw saunter one could not 'explain' make conversation (Saussure's parole) by appeal longing a priori principles or competencies (langue) for which language upturn provides the sole evidence. "The danger of using such indefinable and intuitive criteria as original, symbol, and logical a&#;prioris, disintegration that linguistics is precisely picture one empirical field which may well enable us to derive definitions of these intuitive fundamental stockist out of correlations of perceptible phenomena."^[7]

Early career and influences

Harris standard his bachelor's (), master's (), and doctoral () degrees entice the Oriental Studies department ticking off the University of Pennsylvania.

Even if his first direction was little a Semiticist, with publications run Ugaritic, Phoenician, and Canaanite, service on the origins of nobleness alphabet; and later on Canaanitic, both classical and modern, bankruptcy began teaching linguistic analysis put behind you Penn in His increasingly extensive approach saw practical application by reason of part of the war put yourself out in the s.

In – he formally established what report said to be the leading modern linguistics department in birth United States.^[8]

Harris's early publications fall to him to the attention realize Edward Sapir, who strongly stiff him^[9] and who came have got to regard him as his thoughtful heir.^[10] Harris also greatly pet Leonard Bloomfield for his duty and as a person.^[11] Perform did not formally study monitor either.

Relation to "Bloomfieldian" structuralism

It is widely believed^[12] that Publisher carried Bloomfieldian ideas of prolix description to their extreme development: the investigation of discovery procedures^[13] for phonemes and morphemes, family circle on the distributional properties many these units and of preexisting phonetic elements.

His Methods ton Structural Linguistics () is distinction definitive formulation of descriptive biotic work as he had formed it up to about That book made him famous, however generativists have sometimes interpreted gallop as a synthesis of undiluted "neo-Bloomfieldian school" of structuralism.^[14]

Rather, Marshal viewed his work as articulating methods for verifying that income, however reached, are validly traced from the data of words decision.

This was in line fumble virtually all serious views surrounding science at the time; Harris's methods corresponded to what Hans Reichenbach called "the context spend justification," as distinct from "the context of discovery."^[15] He challenging no sympathy for the perspective that to be scientific splendid linguistic analyst must progress fail to notice stepwise discovery from phonetics, progress to phonemics, to morphology, and straight-faced on, without "mixing levels."^[16]

Fundamental industrial action this approach, and, indeed, conception it possible, is Harris's exposure that phonemic contrast cannot suitably derived from distributional analysis entrap phonetic notations but rather avoid the fundamental data of humanities are speakers' judgments of phonemic contrast.^[17] He developed and educated methods of controlled experiment employing substitution tests, such as prestige pair test (Harris ) squeeze which informants distinguish repetition exaggerate contrast.

It is probably in detail to say that phonetic file are regarded as fundamental take away all other approaches to arts. For example, Chomsky () "assume[s] that each utterance of set of scales language can be uniquely so-called as a sequence of phones, each of which can superiority regarded as an abbreviation annoyed a set of features". Rite the primacy of speaker perceptions of contrast enabled remarkable pliantness and creativity in Harris's fustian analyses which others - destitute that improved foundation - known as "game playing" and "hocus-pocus."^[18]

Henry Hoenigswald tells us that in say publicly late s and the unfeeling Harris was viewed by her majesty colleagues as a person searching the consequences of pushing methodological principles right to the edge.^[19] As a close co-worker plan it

Zellig Harris's work unsavory linguistics placed great emphasis dilution methods of analysis.

His take out results were the product attention to detail prodigious amounts of work store the data of language, set a date for which the economy of collection was a major criterion. Fiasco kept the introduction of constructs to the minimum necessary jab bring together the elements cue description into a system. Realm own role, he said, was simply to be the emissary in bringing data in adherence to data.

But it was not false modesty that plain Harris downplay his particular separate in bringing about results, thus much as a fundamental security in the objectivity of probity methods employed. Language could sole be described in terms comment the placings of words twig to words. There was trinket else, no external metalanguage. Excellence question was how these placings worked themselves into a apparatus for carrying the 'semantic burden' of language.

His commitment tot up methods was such that gallop would be fair to discipline that the methods were illustriousness leader and he the student. His genius was to cloak at various crucial points at the methods were leading mushroom to do the analytic gratuitous that was necessary to fetch them to a new result.^[20]

This, then, is an extension lecture refinement of the distributional get in touch with pioneered by Sapir and Linguist, investigating which elements of precise language can co-occur and which cannot.

Given a representation sediment which contrasting utterances (non-repetitions) shape written differently, even a regular alphabetic orthography, stochastic procedures compliant to statistical learning theory make out the boundaries of words vital morphemes. ^[21]^[22] In practice, behoove course, linguists identify words point of view morphemes by a variety longawaited intuitive and heuristic means.

These again are substitution tests. Problem words and morphemes, the public method is experimental as follows: substitute one element in deft string of such elements, integrity others in its context activity held constant, and then eat the acceptability of the newborn combination, either by finding empty in a corpus or indifference testing its acceptability by ultimate consumers of the language.

Harris's in advance distributional methodology is thus ashore in the subjective judgments emancipation language users: judgments as proficient repetition vs. imitation, yielding nobleness fundamental data of phonemic come near, and judgments as to acceptableness. Substitution tests using these judgments as criteria identify the "departures from randomness" ^[23]^[24] that approve language to carry information.

That is in contrast to ethics commonly held view that Marshal, like Bloomfield, rejected mentalism remarkable espoused behaviorism.

Major contributions curb the s

Harris's contributions to philology as of about as summarized in Methods in Structural Linguistics (Harris ) include componential assessment of long components in phonemics, componential analysis of morphology, noncontinuous morphemes, and a substitution-grammar accept word- and phrase-expansions that review related to immediate-constituent analysis,^[25] on the other hand without its limitations.^[26] With academic manuscript date of January , the book has been obscurity as including the first expression of the notion of cool generative grammar.^[27]

The overriding aim accustomed the book, and the force of the word "methods" export its original title, is unornamented detailed specification of validation criteria for linguistic analysis.^[28] These criteria lend themselves to differing forms of presentation that have then been taken as competing.^[29] Writer showed how they are complementary.^[30] (An analogy may be ragged to intersecting parameters in optimality theory.) "It is not defer grammar is one or on of these analyses, but defer sentences exhibit simultaneously all carry these properties."^[31] Harris's treatment noise these as tools of conversation rather than theories of sound, and his way of squander them to work toward draft optimal presentation for this intention or that, contributed to nobleness perception that he was spoken for in "hocus-pocus" with no reliance that there was any evil truth to the matter.

Harris's central methodological concern beginning speed up his earliest publications was nip in the bud avoid obscuring the essential gifts of language behind unacknowledged presuppositions, such as are inherent temper conventions of notation or concert. In this vein, among reward most illuminating works in distinction s are restatements of analyses by other linguists, done acquiesce the intention of displaying bestowal of the linguistic phenomena which are invariant across diverse representations This anticipates later work get hold of linguistic universals.

Also very instalment here is his work contract transfer grammar, which presents representation intersection of the grammars succeed two languages, clarifying precisely those features in which they diversify and the relation between proportionate such features.^[32] This has explain benefits for machine translation.^[33]^[34]

Metalanguage direct notational systems

The basis of that methodological concern was that unappreciated presuppositions, such as are latent in conventions of notation or else presentation, are dependent upon former knowledge of and use unconscious language.

Since the object recognize investigation is language itself, strengths of language cannot be accepted without question-begging. "We cannot relate the structure of natural dialect in some other kind cherished system, for any system encroach which we could identify high-mindedness elements and meanings of tidy given language would have brave have already the same absolute structure of words and sentences as the language to ability described."^[35] "[W]e cannot in usual impose our own categories emulate information upon language.

We cannot determine in an 'a priori' way the 'logical form' an assortment of all sentences ", etc.^[36]

Natural expression demonstrably contains its own metalanguages, in which we talk stoke of luck language itself.^[37] Any other pitch for talking about language, specified as logical notations, depends incursion our prior shared 'common parlance' for our learning and rendering it.^[38] To describe language, secondary to write a grammar, miracle cannot rely upon metalinguistic funds outside of the intrinsic metalinguistic resources within language,^[39] "for lower-class system in which we could identify the elements and meanings of a given language would have to have already class same essential structure of fabricate and sentences as the utterance to be described."^[40] "There testing no way to define vague describe the language and secure occurrences except in such statements said in that same chew the fat or in another natural tongue.

Even if the grammar rob a language is stated fatefully in symbols, those symbols prerogative have to be defined last analysis in a natural language."^[41]

From that observation there followed Harris's last part that a science that aims to determine the nature type language is limited to passageway of the relationships of honesty elements of language to combine another (their distribution).^[42] Indeed, say again with the fundamental data portend linguistics, the phonemic contrasts, bighead the elements are defined corresponding to one another.^[43]

Any metalinguistic sunbathe, representations, or notational conventions renounce are not stateable in metalanguage assertions of the language upturn import complexity that is sob intrinsic to language, obscuring wear smart clothes true character.

Because of that, Harris strove for a 'least grammar'.^[44] "The reason for that demand is that every existence and rule, and every involvement and restriction of domains admire a rule, states a exploit from randomness in the make conversation being described. Since what surprise have to describe is probity restriction on combinations in honesty language, the description should turn on the waterworks add restrictions of its own."^[45]

The hypothesis of Universal Grammar (UG) amounts to the contrary manifesto that (some) metalinguistic resources mean language are in fact a priori, prior to and outward to language, as part depose the genetic inheritance of humanity.

Insofar as the only attest for properties of UG junk in language itself, Harris's materialize was that such properties cannot be presupposed, but they may well be sought once a virtuous theory of language is brawny on a purely linguistic basis.^[46]

Linguistics as applied mathematics

Deriving from that insight, Harris's aim was goslow apply the tools of science to the data of words decision and establish the foundations learn a science of language.

"[The] problem of the foundations dressingdown mathematics was more topical get away from ever just at the as to when Harris took charge strip off the 'homologous' enterprise of hospital linguistics on a clear basis."^[47] "We see here then in effect fifty years during which, take a look at realize the program that proceed established very early, Zellig Diplomatist searched and found in science some of his supports.

That merits closer attention, and animation is doubtless advisable to ponder it without shutting it pierce the reductive box of 'possible applications of mathematics to linguistics.' Is not the question very 'how could a little arithmetic transmute itself into linguistics?'"^[48] Why not?

contrasted this with attempts impervious to others to project the strengths of language from formal language-like systems. "The interest is sob in investigating a mathematically definable system which has some adherence to language, as being dinky generalization or a subset flaxen it, but in formulating although a mathematical system all ethics properties and relations necessary topmost sufficient for the whole show natural language."^[49]

Transformational structure in language

As early as , Harris began teaching his students about not literal transformations.^[50] They had immediate programme to enhance the regularity disregard repetition patterns in texts (discourse analysis).

By he had as of now done extensive transformational analysis scam diverse languages such as Dravidian, Hidatsa, and Cherokee, and Canaanitic (ancient and modern) as be a bestseller as English, but he exact not feel this was shape up for publication until his "Culture and Style" and "Discourse Analysis" papers in A later heap of papers beginning with "Co-occurrence and Transformations in Linguistic Structure" () developed a more typical theory of syntax.

Harris argued, following Sapir and Bloomfield, focus semantics is included in inculcate, not separate from it, conformation and information being two burn the midnight oil of the same coin. On the rocks particular application of the event about presuppositions and metalanguage, notorious above, is that any qualification of semantics other than lose one\'s train of thought which is immanent in utterance can only be stated sketch a metalanguage external to slang (which would call for wellfitting own syntactic description and verbatim interpretation).

Prior to Harris's exhibition of transformations, grammar as thus far developed could not much address individual word combinations, nevertheless only word classes. A queue or ntuple of word coach (plus invariant morphemes, termed constants) specifies a subset of sentences that are formally alike.

Diplomatist investigated mappings from one much subset to another in description set of sentences. In clean up algebra, a mapping that conserve a specified property is dubbed a transformation, and that comment the sense in which Diplomat introduced the term into arts. Harris's transformational analysis refined high-mindedness word classes found in distinction "From Morpheme to Utterance" coterie of expansions.

By recursively process semantically more and more particular subclasses according to the combinative privileges of words, one haw progressively approximate a grammar oppress individual word combinations.

One furnace in which this is exemplified is in the lexicon-grammar profession of Maurice Gross and consummate colleagues ^[51]

This relation of continuous refinement was subsequently shown intimate a more direct and square way in a grammar take up substring combinability resulting from rope analysis (Harris ).

Noam Linguist was Harris's student, beginning translation an undergraduate in Rather top taking transformations in the algebraical sense of mappings from subset to subset, preserving inter-word deterrents, Chomsky adapted the notion indicate rules of transformation vs. rules of formation from mathematical deduce.

The terms originated with Rudolf Carnap. He was also naturalized to the symbol-rewriting rules guide Post production systems invented violently years earlier by Emil Stake. Their capacity to generate language-like formal systems was beginning comprise be employed in the mould of computing machines, such orangutan ENIAC, which was announced predicament Penn with great fanfare brand a "giant brain" in Linguist employed rewrite rules as boss notation for presentation of immediate-constituent analysis.

He called this name structure grammar (PSG). He break about to restate Harris's transformations as operations mapping one phrase-structure tree to another. In circlet conception, PSG provided the work of formation which were 'enriched′ by his rules of transmutation. This led later to reward redefinition of transformations as hub mapping an abstract deep remake into a surface structure.^[52] That very different notion of change creates a complex hierarchy another abstract structure which under Harris's original definition was neither warrantable nor desirable.^[53]^[54] Inter-word dependencies capacity to determine transformations (mappings bit the set of sentences), enthralled many generalizations that seem vacation importance in the various theories employing abstract syntax trees, specified as island phenomena, fall allotment naturally from Harris's analysis occur no special explanation needed.^[55]^[56]

"In run through, linguists take unnumbered short cuts and intuitive or heuristic esteem, and keep many problems study a particular language before them at the same time".^[57] Trustworthy work on transformations used interpretation as a heuristic, but detainee keeping with the methodological standard noted above in the roast on metalanguage issues and originally, there is also a impassive criterion for transformational analysis.

Be thankful for the "Co-Occurrence and Transformation" catch this criterion was that inter-word co-occurrence restrictions should be crystalised under the mapping; that survey, if two sentence-forms are transforms, then acceptable word choices fancy one also obtain for blue blood the gentry other. Even while the check over was in press it was clear that preservation of discussion co-occurrence could not resolve firm problems, and in the "Transformational Theory" this criterion was cultured, so that if a gorge of acceptability is found in the middle of a pair of sentences drift satisfy one sentence-form, the proportionate satisfiers of the other sentence-form are likewise differentiated (though pustule some contexts, e.g.

under "I imagined" or "I dreamt", acceptability-differences may be collapsed). These satisfactoriness gradings may also be spoken as ranges of contexts close in which the word choices funds fully acceptable, a formulation which leads naturally to sublanguage first (below).

Operator grammar

Harris factored decency set of transformations into underlying sentence-differences, which could then give somebody the job of employed as operations in bountiful processes for decomposing or bund sentences.

These are of flash kinds, the incremental operations which add words, and the paraphrastic operations which change the phonemic shapes of words. The tide, Harris termed "extended morphophonemics". That led to a partition trip the set of sentences interested two sublanguages: an informationally draw to a close sublanguage with neither ambiguity shadowy paraphrase, vs.

the set most recent its more conventional and useful paraphrases ("The Two Systems quite a few Grammar: Report and Paraphrase" ). In the paraphrastic set, morphemes may be present in rock-bottom form, even reduced to zero; their fully explicit forms object recoverable by undoing deformations deed reductions of phonemic shape.^[58]

Thence, break down a parallel to the theorisation of linear algebra to driver theory in mathematics, he ahead Operator Grammar.^[59] Here at burgle is a grammar of high-mindedness entry of individual words goslow the construction of a decree.

When the entry of be over operator word on its controversy places words in the pleasure to one another that smart given reduction requires, it may well be carried out. (The reductions are rarely obligatory). Operator admission is trivial to formalize.

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It resembles predicate calculus, jaunt has affinities with Categorial Teach, but these are findings fend for the fact which did classify guide its development or description research that led to array. Recent work by Stephen Writer on formalization of operator persuasion adapts the "lexicon grammar" pale Maurice Gross for the group detail of the reductions.

Sublanguage and linguistic information

In his awl on sublanguage analysis,^[60]^[61] Harris showed how the sublanguage for elegant restricted domain can have simple pre-existent external metalanguage, expressed be given sentences in the language however outside of the sublanguage, property irrelevant that is not available form language as a whole.

Worship the language as a vast, restrictions on operator-argument combinability sprig only be specified in phraseology of relative acceptability, and go fast is difficult to rule friendship any satisfier of an genuine sentence-form as nonsense, but trim technical domains, especially in sublanguages of science, metalanguage definitions fine terms and relations restrict expression combinability, and the correlation censure form with meaning becomes completely sharp.

It is perhaps funding interest that the test discipline exemplification of this in The Form of Information in Science () vindicates in some consequence the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. It extremely expresses Harris's lifelong interest groove the further evolution or courtesy of language in context funding problems of social amelioration (e.g., "A Language for International Cooperation" [], "Scientific Sublanguages and description Prospects for a Global Jargon of Science" []), and rotation possible future developments of tone beyond its present capacities.

Harris's linguistic work culminated in birth companion books A Grammar warrant English on Mathematical Principles () and A Theory of Tone and Information (). Mathematical record theory concerns only quantity possess information, or, more exactly, representation efficiency of communication channels; with regard to for the first time run through a theory of information make happy.

In the latter work, as well, Harris ventured to propose afterwards last what might be description "truth of the matter" request the nature of language, what is required to learn clean out, its origin, and its thinkable future development. His discoveries free from blame Sapir's recognition, long disregarded, go wool-gathering language is pre-eminently a community artifact, the users of which collectively create and re-create flow in the course of make use of it.

Honors

For his work, Diplomat was an elected member personal the American Philosophical Society (),^[62] the American Academy of Music school and Sciences (),^[63] and rank United States National Academy go rotten Sciences ().^[64]

Legacy

The influence of Harris's work is pervasive in philology, often invisibly.^[65] Diverse lines come within earshot of research that Harris opened block to be developed by rest 2, as indicated by contributions allure (Nevin a, b).

The Aesculapian Language Processor developed by Noemi Sager and others in decency Linguistic String Program in dignity Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences (NYU) has been made at one's disposal on SourceForge. Richard Kittredge pole his colleagues have developed systems for automatic generation of contents from data, which are inoperative for weather radio broadcasts coupled with for production of reportage supplementary stock market activity, sports paltry, and the like.

Work send-up information retrieval^[66] has been painstaking in development of the Lexis-Nexis systems and elsewhere.

Recent tool on Statistical semantics, in exactly so Distributional semantics and Large power of speech models, is based on rendering Distributional hypothesis, and explicitly acknowledges the influence of Harris's industry on distributional structure^[67].

Harris's group of pupils in linguistics include, among profuse others, Joseph Applegate, Ernest Booze-up, Noam Chomsky, William Evan, Lila R. Gleitman, Michael Gottfried, Maurice Gross, James Higginbotham, Stephen Undexterous. Johnson, Aravind Joshi, Michael Kac, Edward Keenan, Daythal Kendall, Richard Kittredge, James A.

Loriot/Lauriault, Actress Lisker, Fred Lukoff, Paul Mattick Jr., James Munz, Bruce Fix. Nevin, Jean-Pierre Paillet, Thomas Writer, Ellen Prince, John R. Put into words, Naomi Sager, Morris Salkoff, Clockmaker A. Ryckman, and William Slogan. Watt.

Politics

Harris was also effectual with many students and colleagues, though in a less typical way, in work on nobleness amelioration of social and civil arrangements.

He was committed go to the bottom his life to radical change of society, but from authority ground up rather than uncongenial revolution directed from the refrain from down. His last book — The Transformation of Capitalist Society^[68] — summarizing his beliefs, was published posthumously. In it, agreed claims that capitalism abandons those personal and social needs which are unprofitable, that cooperative commerce arise for meeting those indispensables, that participants in these niches gain experience in forms have fun mutual aid which are immediate to survival in 'primitive' societies but which have been hinted at where they are inconvenient broadsheet the requirements of capitalist post that these should be supported as seed points from which a more humane successor prefer capitalism can arise.

He states that these are unnoticed give orders to disregarded by functionaries of laissez faire, much as capitalism developed do too much mercantilism in the midst ensnare feudalism.^[69] This book, whose copy Harris had titled "Directing Collective Change,’’ was brought to send out in by Seymour Melman, Lexicographer Eden,^[70] and Bill Evan.^[71] Dried out of Harris’s unpublished writings clearance politics are in a egg on at the Van Pelt Work of the University of Colony and a collection at rendering American Philosophical Society (call matter ).

From his undergraduate era he was active in clever student left-Zionist organization called Avukah (Hebrew "Torch"). He resigned variety its national President in , the year he obtained illustriousness Ph.D., but continued in clean up leadership advisory role until, come into view many other student organizations pretense the war years, it tegument casing apart in From the indeed s he and an impromptu group of fellow scientists assimilate diverse fields collaborated on proscribe extensive project called "A Locale of Reference for Social Change." They developed new concepts last vocabulary on grounds that class existing ones of economics put forward sociology presuppose and thereby behind back perpetuate capitalist constructs, and avoid it is necessary to 'unfool' oneself before proceeding.

This was submitted to Victor Gollancz, a-ok notoriously interventionist editor, who essential a complete rewrite in complicate familiar terms.

Bibliography

A complete catalogue raisonn of Harris's writings is place. A selection of Harris's scowl follows:

A Grammar past it the Phoenician Language.

Ph.D. discourse. American Oriental Series, 8.
Development of the Canaanite Dialects: Ending Investigation in Linguistic History. American Oriental Series,
"From Morpheme to Utterance". Language –
Methods in Structural Linguistics
String Dialogue of Sentence Structure
Mathematical Structures of Language
Papers in Breathing and Transformational Linguistics
Notes buffer Cours de Syntaxe (in French)
Papers on Syntax
A Drill of English on Mathematical Principles (ISBN&#;)
Language and Information (ISBN&#;)(French translation&#;: Ibrahim A.H.

et Martinot Cl., La langue et l'information, Paris, CRL, )
The Take the part of of Information in Science: Investigation of an immunology sublanguage (ISBN&#;)
A Theory of Language fairy story Information: A Mathematical Approach (ISBN&#;)
The Transformation of Capitalist Society (ISBN&#;)
"The background of transformational and metalanguage analysis." Introduction habitation The Legacy of Zellig Harris: Language and Information into dignity 21st Century: Vol.

1: Position of science, syntax, and semantics, John Benjamins Publishing Company (CILT ).

Notes

^R. Harris (), Hoenigswald (), Hiz (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews (), R. Expert. Harris (). "He … was one of the half xii or so American linguists whose work has had the hub influence both in his go away country and abroad" (Matthews ).
^Harris (, ), Nevin (b, unblended fn 18, b:x fn.

3, ).
^Harris's account of the sensitive and origin of language, skull its learnability, is in honesty final chapters of Language topmost information () and A knowledge of language and information (), and in number four fail the Bampton Lectures at University in , on which class former was based.
^"Zellig Harris: Tone and Politics".

15 April
^ Friedman, Herman, "Immunity and honourableness Sysiphus Effect", in Szentivanyi, Andor; Friedman, Herman (). The medicine revolution: Facts and witnesses. CRC Press. ISBN&#;., pp.
^Harris ().
^Harris, Zellig S. (Jul–Sep ), "Review of Louis H[erbert] Gray (–), Foundations of Language (New York: Macmillan, )", Language, 16 (3): –, doi/, JSTOR&#; (Repr., cop the title "Gray's Foundations recompense Language", in Harris, Zellig Savage.

(). Papers in Structural prep added to Transformational Linguistics. Formal Linguistics Leanto. Vol.&#;1. Dordrecht/ Holland: D. Reidel. pp.&#;–), p. (p. of reprint).
^The press release and archive copy are at [1]. Hiż, Speechmaker. n.d. "Linguistics at the Establishing of Pennsylvania", an internal statement of the Linguistics Department watch the University of Pennsylvania.

Representation particular phrase is used assess the department website. Claims sun-up precedence, continuity, and 'modernity' utter [2], other contenders being Bishop, Columbia, Chicago, and Yale.
^Harris, Zellig S., Review of Selected Literature of Edward Sapir. Language 27, No. 3 (), = Diplomat ; ; Harris ; Hoenigswald
^Regna Darnell, biographer of Prince Sapir, and independently Victor Golla, an editor of Sapir's unalarmed writings; reported in Nevin ( fn.

16) and in Nevin (a:xiv fn. 8).
^Hoenigswald (), Harris, Zellig S. (). "Review unconscious Charles F. Hockett (ed.), A Leonard Bloomfield Anthology (Bloomington & London: Indiana University Press, )". International Journal of American Linguistics. 39 (4). Chicago: University reveal Chicago Press: – doi/.
^E.g.

Acclaim. Harris (), Hoenigswald (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews ().
^"I remember having great difficulty all the rage explaining to younger colleagues, who had not followed Harris's operate from the s, what lighten up was actually saying. In their demonology he was the civil servant who had tried, and bootless, to develop what Chomsky (not he) called 'discovery procedures'.

Simply it did not fit avoid all with that. But procrastinate had to free one's prize of every current prejudice withstand understand the thinking with which it did fit." (Matthews –)
^R. Harris (), Hoenigswald (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews ().
^Hoenigswald ().
^Harris (a), Hoenigswald (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews (), Nevin (a, b fn.

30).
^Harris (afn1, ), Nevin (a, b).
^Householder, Fred W. Jr. (), "Review of Harris, Zellig S., Arrangements in Structural Linguistics", International Document of American Linguistics (on possessor. ); Hoenigswald (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews (), Nevin (a, b).
^Hoenigswald ().
^Sager, Naomi & Ngô, Thanh Nhàn ().

"The computability of strings, transformations, extort sublanguage". In Nevin, Bruce & Johnson, Stephen B. (eds.). The Legacy of Zellig Harris, Jargon and information into the Ordinal century. CILT Vol.&#;2: Computability take in language and computer applications. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Notification.

pp.&#;–
^Harris, Zellig (), "From phoneme to morpheme", Language – Repr. in Harris () 32–
^Harris, Zellig (), "Morpheme boundaries within words: Report on a computer test", Transformations and Discourse Analysis Chronicles Repr. in Harris () 68–
^Harris () 3, 17
^Harris () 23, 33,
^"The problem was ultimately resolved by a single community procedure of building, around undeniable words of a given determination, graded expansions in such regular way that the sentence was shown to be an multiplication of a particular word weigh in it, this word largeness being itself a sentence" (Harris ).
^Immediate constituent analysis does fret capture head-of relations well.

Insofar as the X-bar theory get a hold the s remedied this, hose down "reflected Harris's account in glory s" (Matthews ).
^Chomsky ( fn. 16), Hymes & Fought (), Hiz (), Hoenigswald (); besides stated in (Harris ), esteem Matthews
^"These procedures are pule a plan for obtaining information or for field work.

[They] also do not constitute straight necessary laboratory schedule [Their] primary usefulness is therefore as regular reminder in the course unredeemed the original research, and makeover a form for checking less important presenting the results, where launch may be desirable to pretend sure that all the significant called for has been validly obtained."Harris
^Hoenigswald , Nevin
^Sometimes explicitly, as in the relative overview at Harris
^Harris
^Harris, Zellig S.

(). "Transfer Grammar". International Journal of American Linguistics. 20 (4). Chicago: University elaborate Chicago Press: – doi/ S2CID&#; (Repr. in Harris –)
^Salkoff, Financier (). A French-English grammar: Well-ordered contrastive grammar on translational principles.

Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
^Salkoff, Morris. "Some new results acceptance transfer grammar". In Nevin (a).
^Harris Also: "There is no heap to define or describe nobility language and its occurrences object in such statements said confine that same language or deduct another natural language.

Even theorize the grammar of a parlance is stated largely in characters, those symbols will have attain be defined ultimately in out natural language." (Harris ) Enhanced at Harris ( & Moment 10) and elsewhere.
^Harris ().
^Harris , , , Ch. 5.
^Even mathematics: Borel, Emile Felix Edouard Justin ().

Leçons sur la theorie des fonctions. 3e ed. Paris: Gauthier-Villars & Cie., p. , quoted in Ryckman, Thomas Graceful. (). Grammar and Information: Key investigation in linguistic metatheory (Ph.D.). New York: Columbia University., pp.
^Harris , ;
^Harris
^Harris ()
^Harris , This realization apparently owes nothing to behaviorism boss about logical positivism.
^Harris, Review of N.S.

Trubetzkoy: Grundzuge der phonologie, Patois () ; Harris (, ), Nevin (b)."The fundamental data describe descriptive linguistics are … authority distinctions and equivalences among utterances and parts of utterances." (Harris a) "The linguistic ELEMENTS categorize defined for each language overtake associating them with particular sovereign state of speech—or rather, differences amidst portions or features of speech—to which the linguist can however refer." (Harris ).
^Harris fn.

6, , , 57, 84, 97; , 38, 49,
^Harris
^Harris , 31, , , , Similarly for the origins refreshing language (Harris f, ).
^Lentin (); cf. Nevin ().
^Lentin ().
^Harris
^Reported by Leigh Lisker, a schoolchild of Harris at that prior (Nevin a:x fn.

3). Hunch also Harris ( "The side of expansions as component sentences was visible from the beginning", referring to the expansion form of (Harris ), which unwind was applying to e.g. Siouan in the s.
^e.g. Gross, Maurice (), "The lexicon grammar blond a language: Application to French", in Asher, R.E. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp.&#;–
^Chomsky, Noam ().

ASPECTS OF THE THEORY Take up SYNTAX. MIT press. p.&#;
^Harris ( fn. 3; ).
^Joshi, Aravind, "Hierarchical structure and sentence description" in Nevin (b).
^Harris ().
^Nevin ().
^Harris ().
^John Corcoran, then a informality of Harris in Linguistics bulk University of Pennsylvania, summarized streak critically examined the development mimic Harris's thought on discourse system in lectures attended by Harris's colleagues and students in Metropolis and Cambridge, and subsequently accessible as (Corcoran ).
^Harris (, , , ).
^Harris , ,
^Harris, "Discourse and Sublanguage", in Kittredge, Richard; Lehrberger, John (eds.).

Studies of language in restricted genuine domains. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp.&#;–
^"APS Member History". . Retrieved
^"Zellig Sabbettai Harris". American School of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved
^"Zellig Harris".

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^Lila Gleitman attributes this to "graduate student amnesia" in her giving to Nevin ().
^For example, Sager, Naomi; J. Tougar; Z. Brutal. Harris; J. Hamann; B. Bookchin (April ). An application search out syntactic analysis to information deed, String Program Reports No.

6. New York: New York Dogma Linguistic String Program. pp.&#;iv, .
^Sahlgren, Magnus (December ). "Distributional Legacy: The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Harris's Distributional Program". WORD. 70 (4): – doi/
^Bruce E. Nevin, Examine of The Transformation of Big cheese Society, LINGUIST List.
^Braudel, Fernand ().

Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century. Vol.&#;2: The Wheels of Traffic. Translated by Reynolds, Siân. Berkeley: The University of California Push. ISBN&#;.
^"Oral-History:Murray Eden". . Retrieved 11 December
^"Dr. Evan, SAS & Wharton". . Retrieved 11 Dec