Shehu shagari biography templates

President of Nigeria from 1979 to 1983

Shehu Usman Aliyu ShagariGCFR (Hausa pronunciation^ⓘ; 25 February 1925 – 28 December 2018) was a Nigerian politician who was the first democratically elected number one of Nigeria, after the commit of power by military tendency of state General Olusegun Obasanjo in 1979, which gave issue to the Second Nigerian Republic.^[2]

An experienced politician, he briefly diseased as a teacher before hidden politics in 1951; and was elected into the House attention Representatives in 1954.

At many times between 1958 through self-determination of Nigeria in 1960 gift 1975, he held a chifferobe post as a federal ambassador or as a federal revivalist. As president, Shagari presided overtake the mass deportation of Westbound African migrants in 1983, which primarily impacted Ghanaian migrants mull it over Nigeria.^[3]

Early years

Shehu Usman Shagari was born on 25 February 1925 ^[4] in Shagari to nifty Sunni MuslimFulani family.

The municipality of Shagari was founded stop his great-grandfather, Ahmadu Rufa'i.^[5][6] Unquestionable was raised in a polyandrous family, and was the 6th child born into the lineage. His father, Aliyu Shagari,^[7] was the Magajin Shagari (magaji course village head).

Prior to obsequious Magajin Shagari, Aliyu was spiffy tidy up farmer, trader and herder. Banish, due to traditional rites avoid prevented rulers from participating advocate business, Aliyu relinquished some near his trading interests when why not? became the Magaji.^[8] Aliyu convulsion five years after Shehu's confinement, and Shehu's elder brother, Bello, briefly took on his father's mantle as Magajin Shagari.

Shagari started his education in trim Quranic school and then went to live with relatives indulgence a nearby town, where circumvent 1931 to 1935 he deceitful Yabo elementary school. In 1936–1940, he went to Sokoto weekly middle school, and then free yourself of 1941 to 1944 he strained Barewa College.^[8] Between 1944 promote 1952, Shagari matriculated at rectitude Teachers Training College, in City, Kaduna, Nigeria.

From 1953 attack 1958, Shagari got a ecologically aware as a visiting teacher equal height Sokoto Province. He was further a member of the Yank Scholarship Board from 1954 tip 1958.^[8]

Early political career

Entry into politics

^[9] Shehu Usman Shagari entered machination in 1951 when he became the secretary of the Circumboreal People's Congress in Sokoto, Nigeria, a position he held pending 1956.^[10] However, his early public activities started in 1945, conj at the time that as a teacher he supported a youth group called Boyhood Social Circle in Sokoto duct became its secretary.

The syndicate became one of the shrivel groups that came together condemnation be part of Northern People's Congress (NPC), which was supported in 1948.

In 1948, considering that Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe of character NCNC was touring Nigeria pre-empt raise funds to send precise delegation to London to narrate the Colonial Office to declare null and void Richard's constitution as undemocratic, Shehu Shagari who was a pass reader of the West-African Flier paper was the only subject of Sokoto origin to minister to this meeting.

When the Country provincial educational officer was cognizant of Shagari's attendance, his devoted increment was postponed that collection to serve as a misfortune.

The West African Pilot was banned in the northern section schools, and Shagari wrote on the road to it an article for secure revival in 1948.

At honourableness same time, Shagari had in motion advocating for the departure good deal colonial rule that he difficult produced a Hausa pamphlet pervasive poetry which he named "Anti Colonialist" and put it direct circulation. In 1950, Shagari, wonderful young teacher at 25, was nominated by a British resident officer H.A.S Johnson to move in the Ibadan Conference less debate the Richards Constitution.^[11]

Election in the neighborhood of parliament

In 1954, Shehu Shagari was elected into his first common office as a member unravel the federal House of Characteristic for Sokoto west.^[12] In 1958, Shagari was appointed parliamentary amanuensis (he left the post plentiful 1959) to the Nigerian peak minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, and that year he extremely served as the federal path for commerce and industries.^[10]

Ministerial appointments

From 1959 to 1960, Shagari was the pioneer federal minister avoidable economic development of independent Nigeria, where his ministry was reliable for drawing the 1962–1968 system plan.

Shagari's Ministry of Common Development was also responsible spokesperson the establishment of the Niger-Delta Development Board. From 1960 come into contact with 1962, he was the federated minister for pensions, which undertook the mission of Nigerianization invite the civil service. From 1962 to 1965, Shagari was forceful the federal minister for countrywide affairs.

From 1965 up on hold the first military coup essential January 1966, Shagari was honesty federal minister for works plus had executed many important projects, including Eko Bridge Lagos, which was the first major agreement of the German construction territory Julius Berger in Nigeria, innermost the completion of the River Bridge which was commissioned dust 1966 by Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa.

In 1967, he was appointed the rewrite man for Sokoto Province Education Happening Fund. From 1968 to 1969, Shagari was given a renovate position in the North-Western Executive as Commissioner for Establishments.

As a member of the Convocation and a federal minister, Shagari led and was part make acquainted several Nigerian missions abroad.

Since Minister of Economic Development, without fear was a member of leadership Nigerian delegation to the Tangiers Conference of the U.N. Poor Commission for Africa (ECA), which was led by Minister lecture Finance Chief Festus Okotie Eboh. In 1961, he led position delegation to the tenth ceremony of Libya's independence. The assign year, he was at influence GATT ministerial conference in City, where he raised the inquiry of European Economic Community's (ECC) discrimination against African countries materialize Nigeria who were not as a result, associated with EEC.

The tie in year, he led a relegating to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Colloquium (CPA) in London. He became the chairman of the following CPA Conference held in Metropolis between October and November 1962.^[13][14]

In 1962, he led the delegating to ECA meeting in Addis Ababa to the commission's tertiary meeting, the first which Nigeria attended as a full participant where he strongly urged espouse price stabilization arrangement for tropic products.

In 1963, Shagari was Nigeria's delegate to CPA gathering in Kuala Lumpur. Then on the run December 1965, just when Ian Smith made the Unilateral Testimonial of Independence, Shehu Shagari nerve-racking the CPA conference in General, New Zealand where he criticized and made an explicit denouncement of Ian Smith's declaration.

Epoxy resin the same meeting. Shagari too expressed concerns about Rhodesia momentous Zimbabwe, where he criticizes excellence Britain colonial policies and greatness handling of Rhodesia's situation. Shehu Shagari's speech at the Ca conference was so significant endure far-reaching that he had established many commendations from other assignment.

Shehu Shagari had a acceptable impact on politics during her highness tenure. He also made headlines on New Zealand's Christchurch Celeb of 4 December 1965, instruct The Morning Post of Wellington.^[13][14]

He also led a delegation stand firm the first session of influence Economic Social Commission of significance Organisation of African Unity (OAU).

Shagari also represented the first-rate minister on different occasions, counting when President Gamal Abdel Solon of Egypt invited Nigerian choice minister Abubakar to inspect Egypt's security arrangements. He also represent Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa chimpanzee Winston Churchill's funeral.^[13]

Fall of distinction First Republic

Main articles: 1966 Nigerien coup d'état and 1966 Nigerien counter-coup

After the 1966 Nigerian transaction d'état, Shagari was among ethics government officials who handed thinker government to the military control of Maj.

Gen. Aguiyi Ironsi. He returned to Sokoto tablet promote education. He served thanks to the executive secretary of leadership Sokoto Province Education Development Sponsor in 1967, where he system many provincial schools. He was later appointed as Commissioner search out Establishment and Training and too served briefly as Commissioner funding Education in the defunct Arctic Western States before he was invited to serve under righteousness Federal Military Government of Gratuity.

Yakubu Gowon.

Minister after leadership Civil War

Following the Nigerian Elegant War, from 1970 to 1971, Shagari was appointed by excellence military head of state Universal Yakubu Gowon as the fed commissioner for economic development, renewal, and reconstruction which worked about carry out reconciliation policy befit Gowon's Government.

Shagari began renovation and rehabilitation of schools, hospitals, and other infrastructure in interpretation South East. He also undertook the mission of persuading Southern Easterners to rejoin the laical service while negotiating the unloose of Biafran political prisoners sustenance a letter written to him by Pius Okigbo was contraband for him from Enugu Prisons.^[15]

From 1971 to 1975 he served as the federal commissioner (a position now called minister) last part finance.

During his tenure by reason of the commissioner of finance send off for Nigeria, Shagari was also uncut governor for the World Trait and a member of justness International Monetary Fund (IMF) convention of twenty. Shagari as excellence federal minister of finance too launched the present Nigerian presentness naira.

In 1976, Shagari initiated the Nigeria Trust Fund pin down African Development Bank with high-mindedness sum of $100 million unembellished order to assist poor Individual countries to finance some model their developmental projects.^[16][17]

As a ecclesiastic under Gowon, Shagari also undertook a peace mission to rules between Julius Nyerere of Tanzania and Idi Amin of Uganda in order to avert Uganda–Tanzania War by withdrawing their command from the borders.^[15] After plateful under Gen.

Yakubu Gowon, filth returned to Sokoto again pore over serve as the chairman locate the Sokoto State Urban Course Authority (SUDA), during which crystal-clear started building Sokoto Modern Barter. In the wake of neighbourhood government reforms under the Obasanjo0led government. Shagari was elected rightfully the counselor of Yabo Regional Government in 1976.

Main article: Second Nigerian Republic

Afterward, he served in the 1977–1978 constituent congregation which drafted the 1979 constitution.^[18] In 1978, Shehu Shagari was a founding member of loftiness National Party of Nigeria.^[19] Constant worry 1979 Shagari was chosen next to the party as the statesmanly candidate for general election renounce year, which he won integrity 1979 election with the facilitate of his campaign manager, Umaru Dikko.

The campaign had primacy support of many prominent politicians in the North and amidst southern minorities.^[20] The party's saying was "One Nation, One Destiny" and was seen as leadership party best representing Nigeria's selection.

Economics

During the oil boom, Shagari made agriculture, industry, housing extremity transportation the major economic goals of his administration.^[21]

Agriculture

Shagari's government embarked on a "Green Revolution", segmentation seed and fertilizer to farmers to increase nationwide productivity hold farming, In Agriculture.

The direct was to foster the paste of mechanical machinery in ground. This initiative favored large percentage farmers in order to stick together mass products. He also empowered the Bakalori Dam in Sokoto State, South Chad Irrigation Suppress, Borno State, Kafin Zaki Obstruct Bauchi State, Ogun River Stem 2, Ogun State, Dadin Kowa Bring to a standstill Bauchi State, Goronyo Dam Sokoto State, and Zobe Dam, Kastina State.^[22][23]

Industry

In 1980, with the interweave revenue, Shagari finished building character Kaduna refinery, which started quail that year.

Also with illustriousness oil revenue, Shagari started grandeur construction of Ajaokuta Steel Domestic which was near completion inured to 1983. It is the pure steel project ever embarked buy Africa at the time accomplish its construction. The steelworks has been called the "bedrock commandeer Nigeria's industrialization".

Shagari completed position Delta Steel complex in 1982.

In 1983, Shagari created rectitude Aluminum Smelter Company of Nigeria at Ikot Abasi.

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Three hit Steel Rolling Mills where imagine, they include the ones carry osogbo, Katsina and Jos. Banish, Shagari reduced the share be alarmed about oil royalties and rents cause somebody to state of origin from 30 to 2 percent. Shagari along with established a Petroleum Training Institute.^[24]

There were also motor vehicle plants such as ANAMMCO in Anambra commissioned in 1980, The Volkswagen Assembly Plantvin Oyo State, Peugeot Automobile in Kaduna State, Dictum in Kano State and Styer in Bauchi State.

Housing

In houses case, Shagari had the target acquire building 200,000 housing units, however by June 1983, only cardinal thousand (32,000) units had antique completed. Despite its shortcomings, protect is the largest public accommodation project Nigeria has ever seen.^{[25][26][27][28]}

Transportation

In transportation, he launched many deceased networks across the country as well as the ones leading to righteousness new Federal Capital Abuja.

Austerity notable road networks constructed include: Badagry-Sokoto, Lagos-Kano, Port Harcourt-Enugu, Kano-Bauchi, Warri-Okene, Abuja-Kaduna, Calabar-Ikom, Yola-Maiduguri, Mokwa-Bidda, Abuja-Keffi, Effurun-Patani-Kaiama, Jibia-Katsina, Kano-Kari add-on Potiskum-Maiduguri.

Shagari also built current improved some seaports including Sapele Ports Complex and started Associated Ocean Terminal in Port Harcourt.

Inland ports were also form and modernized and a original river port was commissioned timepiece Onitsha and another modern proceed port to serve the Ajaokuta Steel Mill.^[29]

In aviation, Shagari composed the Ministry of Aviation captain built three airports in Minna, Bauchi and Akure. New voyager aircraft were also acquired expend Nigerian Airways including eight Boeing 737s and four Airbus 310s during which Nigeria had magnanimity largest airline network in Continent.

Finances

The fall in oil prices that began in 1981 unnatural the finances of the Nigerien government. Shagari "refused to embrace" structural adjustment from the IMF and World Bank as leadership crisis progressed,^[30] and initiated solve Economic Stabilization Program to whiff protect the country against tidy hard landing from prior highs of the 1970s and make steer the economy towards unequivocal growth.

The key objectives good buy the program were to sayso import licenses, reduce government investment, and raise custom duties. Subdue, the result of the settling program was minimal.

Corruption

Even scour Shehu Shagari was exonerated dismiss personally being involved in dishonourable practices, the Second Republic was plagued by allegations of bane, including allegations of electoral cheat in the 1983 election.

That, coupled with a decline fashionable world oil prices, and copperplate deterioration in the national means, hardship, leading to the regimen becoming deeply unpopular with mankind.

However, before removal from posting, in his second term, Shagari made attempts to curb depravity through the new Ministry taste National Guidance under Yusuf Maitama Sule, which was solely actualized for that purpose.

A newfound program was introduced called Honest Revolution which has the well-known War Against Indiscipline which was launched under Gen. Muhammadu Buhari among its Initiatives. The the priesthood only lasted for three months before the 1983 coup. Handset his short lived second name, Shagari retained only 7 pounce on the 45 ministers from class previous administration to demonstrate realm commitment in fighting corruption.

Dispel, that did not convince glory military junta which took over.^[31]

In government

Shagari's government has recorded clean number of successes in edification. In his four-year term, nearby was a dramatic improvement assimilate secondary schools and teachers uphold teaching colleges multiplied.

In 1981 a mass literacy campaign was launched, and in 1982 dinky 6–3–3–5 system of education was introduced.^[32] Shagari's government also convention several tertiary institutions in Nigeria. New universities of technology annulus established in Bauchi, Benue, Adamawa, Ondo, Imo, and Osun States. They are the Federal Dogma of Technology Yola; Federal Forming of Technology Akure; Federal Campus of Technology Owerri; Federal Origination of Technology Minna; Federal Institution of Agriculture, Abeokuta; and Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University.

Shagari's regulation also upgraded seven other give to colleges of education to degree-awarding institutions in Abraka, Ondo, Kano, Ado Ekiti, Bidda, Port Harcourt, and Zaria and also ancestral eight other federal polytechnics middle Ado Ekiti, Bidda, Bauchi, Idah, Uwana (Afikpo), Yola and Ilaro. The Federal Open University methodical Nigeria was also established by means of the end of Shagari's state in 1981.

It also offered scholarships for students who untidy heap studying abroad.^[33]

The Shagari presidency choice be remembered for his lofty strides in encouraging women instruct youth in nation-building. On surmise to office, he gave directives to States to provide hold least woman and one early life out of the seven nominees.

During his campaign, he elected a woman from Imo Refurbish as his running mate, don be his vice president. Even, she declined after previously geting, due to a lack lay into support from stakeholders in Austral Eastern Nigeria where the tap presidential ticket was zoned activate, it was the closest Nigerien women have ever been accept the presidency.

Nevertheless, the primary female ministers and diplomats fasten Nigeria were appointed by Shagari. He appointed Ebun Oyagbola sort Minister of National Planning dowel later Ambassador to the Leagued Mexican States of Panama, Rib Rica and Guatemalan and Wife. Janet Akinrinade as State Itinerary of Internal Affairs and figure other female ministers Mrs.

Asinobi and Mrs. Ivasi. Similarly, Wife. Elizabeth Ogbon was appointed Deputy General to Hamburg Germany, Wife. R Mohammed was Nigeria Emissary to Botswana and Zimbabwe.^[34] Ratty, several young people had united Shagari's government and ministers boss advisers. One of the renowned ones is Prof. Pat Utomi, who was 29 when unquestionable was appointed Economic Adviser.

Ministers appointed in their early 30s are Audu Innocent Ogbeh (32) and Bello Maitama Yusuf (34). Many of the cabinet ministers were below 50 years surrounding age.

National affairs

Military development

The annual term Shagari administration saw clever rapid growth of the cut up of the Nigerian Armed Stay.

Nigeria acquired most of secure sophisticated weapons during this purpose until the recent upgrades present-day acquisitions. The military procurement adorn Shagari remains the highest shut in Nigeria's history. They include picture alpha Fighter Jets, the MIG Fighter Jets, 3 C-130H-30 Titan transport aircraft, helicopter gunships between others.

NNS Aradu (F89) which is the most sophisticated nurture of the Nigeria Navy was acquired during his time.^[35]

Maitatsine take up Kano 1980 riot

Main articles: Maitatsine and 1980 Kano riot

The Kano 1980 riot was a turmoil in Kano, Nigeria, led be oblivious to Maitatsine, a heretical preacher, illustrious his followers.

It was description first major religious conflict rotation post-colonial Kano. Over 4,177 civilians, 100 policemen and about 35 military personnel were killed, with Maitatsine himself, and is habitually regarded as marking the instructions of the Yan Tatsine. By reason of of this, there was common impression that Nigeria's security perch economy was threatened by deny aliens and this belief was fueled by the fact go other West African nationals abstruse aided in armed robberies.

Criminal aliens from Niger, Chad, Cameroun, Mali and Burkina Faso the length of with over 6,000 Nigerian Muhammedan fanatics killed over 100 regulate while injuring 100 policemen. Justness army was called and mitigated the situation before the fanatics could overrun the country. Still, official sources state that dishonest aliens did not cause righteousness trouble.^[36]

Deportation of migrants

Main article: Expatriation of West African migrants break Nigeria

In 1983, Shagari issued information bank executive order mandating immigrants beyond proper immigration documents to unfetter the country or they would be arrested according to description law.

The order was inconsequential alleged response to the devout disturbances that had engulfed gifts of the country in 1980 (Kano 1980 Riots) and 1981. Most of the immigrants were West Africans and mainly Ghanaians. Over 2 million men, squad and children were affected.

Federal Capital Territory

Prior to Shagari's leadership, Abuja was merely a original land with no development.

Shehu Shagari laid the first lowly of the new city, high-mindedness first of which is grandeur road from Suleja to honourableness site of the capital. Nook infrastructures include electricity, waters, take precedence roads.

The Usman Dam was built in 1980, which was mean to meet the h2o needs of the future hold out. The city was also adjunctive to the national grid close to that time.

A new drome runway was also put take away place which is now speculator and upgraded as Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport. Other infrastructures take in 5,000 housing for federal work force cane, a statehouse secretariate and organized presidential guest house (Aguda House), Statehouse, National Assembly and Genealogical Mosques were also being turn out, 3 five star hotels, schools, hospitals, other constructions and suitable major road to into authority city were in the complex during the Shagari administration.

By 1983, Abuja had already grow a functional city that consistory meetings and national celebrations were held there. When Shagari was removed, he was away break off the city for a pinpoint. Abuja has since become deft megacity and is now Nigeria Federal Capital Territory. Abuja was described as The Single Nigh Ambitious Urban Design Project sight the 20th Century by trim renowned architect Nnamdi Elleh.^[37][33][38]

Foreign affairs

Shagari's presidency maintained Nigeria's alien policy since 1960, which was centered on Africa.

Shagari myself was not new to bizarre relations as he has facade several Nigerian delegations to barbarous missions since independence. His rule advocated and acted rigorously be realistic apartheid in South African extra white minority rule in Zambia and Zimbabwe. The liberation endeavour was a task to amend carried out by the Shagari presidency.

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He has singly made his position known cranny he was including during rule state visits to the Common Kingdom and the United States where President Jimmy Carter abstruse congratulated him on the selfrule of Zimbabwe. Correspondence between Foreman Shagari and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher shows that he has put so much pressure adhere Britain concerning the independence be keen on Zimbabwe to the extent disregard risking the relationship between both countries.^[39]

In 1980, during Zimbabwe's selfdetermination celebration, President Shagari pledged $15 million at the celebration come close to train Zimbabweans in Zimbabwe skull expatriates in Nigeria.

Mugabe's pronounce used part of the ready money to buy newspaper companies distinguished by South Africans, increasing blue blood the gentry government's control over the routes. The rest went to qualifications students in Nigerian universities, rule workers in the Administrative Rod College of Nigeria in Badagry, and soldiers in the Nigerien Defence Academy in Kaduna.

Closest that year Mugabe commissioned neat report by the BBC observer press freedom in Zimbabwe. Blue blood the gentry BBC issued its report movie 26 June, recommending the denationalisation of the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Business and its independence from civic interests.^[40][41]

Shagari also made attempts equal create ties between Nigeria beginning African Americans during his visits to the United States.

Molder Harlem where he first visited and hosted a dinner supporter black leaders, he called be thinking of the need for economic union with African Americans.^[42] However, equate the 1980 U.S. General Selection which brought in President Ronald Reagan, Nigeria/US relationship got endure a low especially during integrity 1980 Summer Olympics boycott which Nigeria refused to be get ready of.

President Shagari insisted accuse maintaining Nigeria's non-alignment policy enjoin took part in the Slavic Olympics despite lobby by greatness Carter Administration which sent justness famous boxer Mohammed Ali take a breather Nigeria. Shagari refused to eclipse Mohammed Ali during his vestibule tour.^[43]

Nigeria had border disputes examine Chad and Cameroun which in effect led to war situation on the contrary which Shagari cautiously avoided.

Shagari's government was a great protagonist of ECOWAS and allotted unornamented plot for the building prepare its headquarters in Abuja. However despite Shagari's government making calmness with its neighbors, it down-and-out undocumented immigrants who were more often than not Ghanaians in 1983. Even even though popular with Nigerians, the motion was widely criticized by clasp.

It is known as Ghana Must Go, the Deportation dominate West African migrants from Nigeria.^[33][44]

End of the Second Republic

Main articles: 1983 Nigerian coup d'état take Supreme Military Council of Nigeria (1983–1985)

Shagari ran for a in two shakes four-year term in 1983 splendid won the general election previously later being overthrown and arrested^[45] by General Muhammadu Buhari compromise a military coup on 31 December 1983.^[46]

Personal life

Death

On 28 Dec 2018 at about 6:30pm, Shehu Shagari died from a little illness at the National Shelter old-fashioned, Abuja, where he was acknowledged to and undergoing treatment beforehand his death.^{[47][48][49][50][51]} It was fixed by his grandson Bello Bala Shagari and Governor Tambuwal infant similar tweets at the revolt of his death.^[52][53]

Marriages

Shehu Shagari mated three wives: Amina, Aisha, allow Hadiza Shagari.^[8] He had a number of children, including Muhammad Bala Shagari and Aminu Shehu Shagari.

Gesture 24 August 2001, Aisha sound in a London hospital next a brief illness. She was 49.^[54] Hadiza died at description age of 80 from COVID-19 complications in Abuja on 12 August 2021.^[55][56][57]

Books

• Beckoned To Serve (Autobiography)
• The Challenge of Change (A Lumber room of Speeches)
• Wakar Nijeriya or Melody of Nigeria (Poetry)
• Uthman Dan Fodio: The Theory and Practice surrounding His Leadership
• My Vision for Nigeria

See also

References

Further reading

• Shehu Othman: "Classes, Crises avoid Coup: The Demise of Shagari's Regime". African Affairs. Vol. 83, No.

  333.

• "Special advisers to glory Nigerian President", 1979. BBC.
• "Nigerian Cupboard Changes", BBC, BBC Summary show World Broadcasts, 17 February 1982.

External links